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Reading Data From TXT|CSV Files: R Base Functions

  • Preleminary tasks
  • R base functions for importing data
  • Reading a local file
  • Reading a file from internet
  • Summary
  • Related articles
  • Infos

Previously, we described the essentials of R programming and some best practices for preparing your data.

In this article, you'll learn how to import data from .txt (tab-separated values) and .csv (comma-separated values) file formats into R.

Reading Data From txt|csv Files: R Base Functions

R base functions for importing data

The R base function read.table() is a general function that can be used to read a file in table format. The data will be imported as a data frame.

Note that, depending on the format of your file, several variants of read.table() are available to make your life easier, including read.csv(), read.csv2(), read.delim() and read.delim2().


  • read.csv(): for reading "comma separated value" files (".csv").
  • read.csv2(): variant used in countries that use a comma "," as decimal point and a semicolon ";" as field separators.
  • read.delim(): for reading "tab-separated value" files (".txt"). By default, point (".") is used as decimal points.
  • read.delim2(): for reading "tab-separated value" files (".txt"). By default, comma (",") is used as decimal points.

The simplified format of these functions are, as follow:

                # Read tabular data into R read.table(file, header = FALSE, sep = "", dec = ".") # Read "comma separated value" files (".csv") read.csv(file, header = TRUE, sep = ",", dec = ".", ...) # Or use read.csv2: variant used in countries that  # use a comma as decimal point and a semicolon as field separator. read.csv2(file, header = TRUE, sep = ";", dec = ",", ...) # Read TAB delimited files read.delim(file, header = TRUE, sep = "\t", dec = ".", ...) read.delim2(file, header = TRUE, sep = "\t", dec = ",", ...)

  • file: the path to the file containing the data to be imported into R.
  • sep: the field separator character. "\t" is used for tab-delimited file.
  • header: logical value. If TRUE, read.table() assumes that your file has a header row, so row 1 is the name of each column. If that's not the case, you can add the argument header = FALSE.
  • dec: the character used in the file for decimal points.

Reading a local file

  • To import a local .txt or a .csv file, the syntax would be:
                # Read a txt file, named "mtcars.txt" my_data <- read.delim("mtcars.txt") # Read a csv file, named "mtcars.csv" my_data <- read.csv("mtcars.csv")

The above R code, assumes that the file "mtcars.txt" or "mtcars.csv" is in your current working directory. To know your current working directory, type the function getwd() in R console.

  • It's also possible to choose a file interactively using the function file.choose(), which I recommend if you're a beginner in R programming:
                # Read a txt file my_data <- read.delim(file.choose()) # Read a csv file my_data <- read.csv(file.choose())

If you use the R code above in RStudio, you will be asked to choose a file.

If your data contains column with text, R may assume that columns as a factors or grouping variables (e.g.: "good", "good", "bad", "bad", "bad"). If you don't want your text data to be converted as factors, add stringsAsFactor = FALSE in read.delim(), read.csv() and read.table() functions. In this case, the data frame columns corresponding to string in your text file will be character.

For example:

                my_data <- read.delim(file.choose(),                        stringsAsFactor = FALSE)
  • If your field separator is for example "|", it's possible use the general function read.table() with additional arguments:
                my_data <- read.table(file.choose(),                        sep ="|", header = TRUE, dec =".")

Reading a file from internet

It's possible to use the functions read.delim(), read.csv() and read.table() to import files from the web.

                my_data <- read.delim("http://www.sthda.com/upload/boxplot_format.txt") head(my_data)              
                                  Nom variable Group 1 IND1       10     A 2 IND2        7     A 3 IND3       20     A 4 IND4       14     A 5 IND5       14     A 6 IND6       12     A

Summary


  • Import a local .txt file: read.delim(file.choose())

  • Import a local .csv file: read.csv(file.choose())

  • Import a file from internet: read.delim(url) if a txt file or read.csv(url) if a csv file

Infos

This analysis has been performed using R (ver. 3.2.3).


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Source: http://www.sthda.com/english/wiki/reading-data-from-txt-csv-files-r-base-functions

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